Bibliography: Sails and Sailmaking
Primary works before 1920
- anon.: Reasons for Encouraging the Manufacture of British Sail-Duck and the Growth of Hemp and Flax in Britain.
(1720). Folio, 2 pp.
- Projet de mature et de voilure, avec des remarques critiques
sur cet ouvrage et leurs réfutations.
Vve R. Malassis, Brest, 1731. 4to.
- Le Roy, Julien David: La Marine des Anciens Peuples, Expliquée
et Considerée par Rapport aux Lumieres qu'on en Peut Tirer
pour Perfectionner la Marine Moderne; avec des figures
représentant des vaisseaux de guerre de ces peuples.
Nyon et Stoupe, Paris, 1777. 8vo, 20 cm, xxxvi, 224 pp, ill.,
6 fold. plates.
Another edition 1757.
Polak 5848 (does not record any plates).
- Romme, Nicolas Charles: L'Art de la Voilure.
Impr. Moutard, Paris, 1781. Folio, 31×18 cm,
68 pp, 9 plates.
Facsimile: Editions des 4 Seigneurs, Grenoble, 1972. 500 copies.
Facsimile: Slatkine Reprints, Geneve, 1984.
One of the 131 volumes making up the Descriptions
des Arts et Metiers published by the l'Academie de
Sciences during 1761-1789.
- Wolin, Lars: Om Vädrets kraft och verkan på Segel, desse senares
Proportion, läge och Structur för at befrämja välseglingen &c;.
Örlogs-manna Sällskapets handlingar vol. 1, Stockholm, 1787. 8vo;
- anon.: The Sail-Maker's ready Calculator: a Table of the
Quantity of Canvas and other Materials used in making a Suit
of Sails, for Eighth Months Service, for a Ship of each Rate
in the Royal Navy, with the Number of each Sail allowed to
the Suit, and the total Value. Also, the Number of Yards
contained in each Sail of a 74 Gun Ship, and a Ship of 400
Tons in the Merchant Service. Likewise a single Suit of
Sails for East and West-India Ships, with the full Value,
specifying the Quality of Canvas the different Sails are made
of in the Royal Navy and Merchant Service; with the Price
per Yard given by Government, and the Weight of each Bolt of
good Canvas.
London, 1791. ?? pp.
- Le Roy, Julien David: Nouvelle voilure proposée pour les
vaisseaux de toutes grandeurs …
Ecrit servant de suite et complément à ceux qu'il à publiés
sur la Marine ancienne et à ses lettres à Franklin
sur la Marine moderne.
L'Auteur, Paris, 1792. 8vo, xx, 47 pp, 4 plates.
Another edition An X (1802).
- (Steel, David ed.): The Art of Sail-Making, as practised in
the Royal Navy, and According to the Most Approved Methods in
the Merchant Service, Accompanied with the Parliamentary
Regulations Relative to Sails and Sails Cloth. Illustrated
by numerous figures with full and accurate tables.
Printed for David Steel, London, 1796. 8vo, 17.5×9 cm,
frontisp., viii, 196 pp, ill, incl. tables.
First printed as part of The Elements and Practice of
Rigging and Seamanship, 1794.
- Le Roy, Julien David: Nouvelle voilure proposée pour les
vaisseaux de toutes grandeurs, et particulierement pour
ceux qui seroient employés au commerce, précédée d'un écrit
sur la Marine ancienne.
Jansen, Paris, an VII (1799); 8vo, 37 pp, 1 plate.
- Cowan, Malcolm: An Essay on the Construction of the Sails of
Ships and Vessels, with Plans and Descriptions of the Patent
Sails, shewing the many Dangers that may be avoided, and the
Advantages derived, from adopting the Improved Sails, &c;.
J. Peck, London, (c1804). 4to, 20x15,5 cm, 12 pp, ill.
Sails made of horizontal cloths.
Pp 10-12: A Plan of the Patent Sails for Ships and
Vessels, to Reef at the Foot, for the Preservation of Masts,
Yards, Ships, Lives, and Property.
Copy of letters attatched from admiral Sir John Colpoys and
admiral John Schank, to Captain Cowan.
The copy in the G.W. Blunt White Library is bound with one
sheet of testimonials dated 1805-1809.
- Cowan, Malcolm: Sails for Ships and Other Vessels -
Cowan's Specification.
Patent Office, London, 1805. ?? pp.
Pamphlet.
- Beaufoy, Mark: On the Construction of Sails.
1819. 8vo.
- Heathcote, Henry: Treatise on Stay-Sails …
mathematically demonstrating the defects of those now in use and the …
superiority of the improved patent Stay-Sails recently invented by Sir H.H.
London, 1824. 8vo, ?? pp. [BL]
- (Heathcote, Henry): Reply to a critique on the improved
stay-sails, invented by rear-Admiral Sir Henry Heathcote,
Knt. Contained in a recent publication by an officer of Rank,
entitled "Naval Sketch Book".
John Hearne, London, (c1825). 8vo, 16×8,5 cm, 27 pp, ill.
- anon.: Cotton Cordage and Canvas. Letter from the Secretary of
the Navy, Transmitting the Information Required by a
Resolution of the House of Representatives, of the 25th
ultimo, in Relation to the Experiments Which Have Been Made
to Test the Utility of Cotton for Cordage and Sail Cloth.
Feb. 1, 1826. Read and Laid Upon the Table.
Gales & Seaton, Washington, 1826. 4 pp.
Document No. 66.
- Thibault, Louis Adrien: Recherches experimentales sur la
résistance de l'air, et particulièrement sur l'impulsion
du vent, considéré comme force motrice; sur la voilure
des vaisseaux, leur marche, leur mouvement de tangage,
de roulis et de rotation horizontale.
Brest, 1826. 4to, xiv, 166 pp, 4 plates.
- Heathcote, Henry: An Exposition of the Different Proportions
in which under Various Circumstances the Velocity of a Ship
May Probably be Increased or Produced by Setting the Patent
Stay-Sails invented by Rear Admiral Sir Henry Heathcote.
1827. ?? pp.
- Martinez, Juan José: Tratado práctico de vélamen,
traducio del inglés.
Imp. de D. Miguel de Burgos, Madrid, 1829. 4to, 21 cm, iv,
101, (2) pp, 4 fold. plates with 61 figures.
A translation of Steel's The Art of Sail-Making, first
published in The Elements of Practice of Rigging
and Seamanship, 1794.
Explication de varios terminaos [pp 1-24].
Description y uso de la velas [pp 25-101].
- Chapman, Fred. H. af: A Treatise concerning the true
Method of finding the Proper Area of the Sails for Ships
of the Line, and thence the Length of the Masts and Yards.
Papers on Naval Architecture vol III, London, 1831. pp 26-65, ill.
- Thomas, Pierre Philippe Urbain: Mémoire sur la fabrication
des toiles a voiles en France, et notamment sur les toiles
a voiles en coton dites tissus nautiques, de la fabrique de
MM. Le Long neveu et La Roche-Barré, de Rouen.
F. Baudry, Rouen, 1835. 8vo, 77 pp.
Extract from Bulletin de la Société d'Emulation, 1834.
- Hardy, Thomas & Symonds, William: Instructions for the
guidance of the master sail-makers of His Majesty's dock yards.
Board of Admiralty, London, 1836. Folio, 21 pp, 13 plates,
6 tables.
- Le Lièvre, Jules F.M.: Manuel du voilier, ou traité practique du tracé, de la coupe et de la confection des voiles; par Jules F.M. le Lièvre, maitre Voilure au port de Cherbourg.
Thomine, Cherbourg, 1843. -8vo, 14×8,5 cm, (4), iv, 212 pp,
3 fold. plates.
Pages 200-210: Extrait des dictionnaires de de marine.
- anon.: Instructions for the Guidance of the Master Sail-Makers
of Her Majesty's Dock Yards. 1845.
Printed by J. Hartnell, London, 1845. 4to, 25×15 cm, 35 pp.
Pp 29ff: Tables of Dimensions of Masts, Yards, Bowsprits,
Booms, Gaffs, Tops, Caps, Tressletrees, and Crosstrees, for
Ships and Brigs of Every Class.
- Modera, J.: Zeilmakers handboek.
Den Haag-Amsterdam, 1846.
- Kipping, Robert: The Elements of Sailmaking, being a complete
complete treatise on cutting-out sails, according to the most
approved methods of the Merchant Service, with draughting, and
the centre of effort of the sails. Illustrated by engravings,
with full and accurate dimensions for jibs, mainsails, etc.,
etc.
C. Wilson (late J.W. Norie & Wilson), London, 1847 (1st).
8vo, 17,5×10 cm, (2), fp, xiv, 3-163 pp, (1) page opinions
of the press, 1-7, 9-17 plates. Plate 8 = frontispiece.
Issued in parts.
Other editions 1851 (2nd), 1852 (2nd), 1858, 1860 (Spanish),
1860-61 (5th), 1861 (Dutch), 1862 (6th), 1865 (7th),
1866, 1871, 1875 (10th), 1880, 1883 (Norwegian),
1885, 1887 (12th), 1893 (13th), 1898 (14th) etc.
Kipping had been foreman sailmaker to T. & W. Smith at North
Shields, builders of the Blackwell frigate Blenheim
(D.R. MacGregor).
- Kipping, Robert: The Elements of Sailmaking, being a complete
treatise on cutting-out sails, as practised in the Royal Navy,
and according to the most approved methods in the merchant
service, with draughting, and the centre of effort of the
sails. Illustrated by engravings, with full and accurate
dimensions for jibs, mainsails, etc., etc. Second edition,
considerably augmented and improved.
C. Wilson, London, 1851 (2nd). 17×9,5 cm, xviii, 3-194 pp,
17 plates.
More than 30 pp added to the first edition from 1847.
– A Dictionary of technical terms relative to sails,
pp 180-190.
— The qualities of canvas of which the different sails
are made in the Royal Navy, pp 191-192.
- Kipping, Robert: The Elements of Sailmaking, being a complete
treatise on cutting-out sails, as practised in the Royal
Navy, and according to the most approved methods in the
merchant service, with draughting, and the centre of effort
of the sails. Illustrated by engravings, with full and
accurate dimensions for jibs, mainsails, etc., etc.
Third Edition. Considerably augmented and improved.
C. Wilson, London, 1857. 8vo, 17x10 cm, xviii, 3-194 pp,
17 plates.
With the preface from 1851. Identical to the 1851 edition?
- Consolin, B.: Manuel du voiler. Revù et publié par ordre
de S. Exc. M. l'amiral Hamelin, ministre de la marine. Ouvrage
approuvé pour l'instruction des élèves de l'Ecole Navale
et pour celle des voiliers des arsenaux.
Imprimerie Impériale, Paris, 1859. +8vo, (4), iv, 520 pp,
11 fold. plates.
Another edition: +4to, 520 pp, 9 fold plates.
Pages 441-480 is a "vocabulaire".
- Kipping, Robert: Elements de construccion de velas.
Vertidos al castellano con adiciones importantes que
convierten la obra en un tratado completo de velamen
por Pedro Riudavets y Tudury.
Imp. de T. Fortanet, Madrid, 1860. 8vo, 22 cm, xx, 504 pp,
4 pp, 5 plates, iv fold. plates.
A Spanish translation of Elementary Treatise on Sails
and Sailmaking first published in 1847.
- Kipping, Robert: Elementary Treatise on Sails and Sailmaking
with Draughting, and the Centre of Effort of the Sail…
Together with an Appendix, Comprising the Inventions of
Self-Reefing Topsails of Captain Cunningham … and Captain
Howe; and Also a Cutting Board or Table, by Mr. Pittard.
5th ed., enl. and greatly improved.
C. Wilson, London, 1860-61 (5th). 8vo, iv, (ix)-xii,
188 pp, ill.
Weale's Rudimentary Series, No. 149.
First published in 1847.
- Branson, Ware Jr.: The Art of Sailmaking, Illustrated by Rules
and Examples for Cutting and Making every Variety of Sails. By
Ware Branson, Jr. Bookkeeping; and Method of Keeping Ship's
Accounts. By I.R. Butts.
I.R. Butts & Co., Boston, 1862. 8vo, 14.5×8 cm,
pp 81-100, plates.
Issued as supplement to The Merchant's & Shipmaster's
Manual and Shipbuilder's and Sailmaker's Assistant.
- Kipping, Robert: Elementary Treatise on Sails and Sailmaking
with Draughting, and the Centre of Effort of the Sail.
Also, weights and sizes of ropes; masting, rigging, and
sails of steam vessels; with draughts for jibs, mainsails,
etc., relative to every class of vessels. Together with an
appendix, comprising the inventions of self-reefing topsails
of Captain Cunningham, R.N., F.S.A. and Captain Howe; and
also a cutting board or table, by Mr. Pittard.
C. Wilson, London, 1862 (6th enl. & greatly impr.). 12mo,
15×8,5 cm, xii, 188 pp, ill., ?? plates.
Illustrated with a frontisp. of an aux. screw steamer.
First edition 1847.
- Consolin, B.: Méthode pratique de la coupe des voiles des navires
et embarcations, suivie de tables graphiques facilitant les
diverses opérations de la coupe avec ou sans calcul. Ouvrage
offrant aux capitaines des renseignements utiles à la mer.
Mallet-Bachelier, Paris, 1863. 12mo, 191 pp, 3 fold. plates.
- anon.: Voorschrift tot het snijden en bewerken van zeilen en
tenten, voor Z. M. schepen en vaartuigen van oorlog.
's-Gravenhage, 1864. 8vo, 16,5×11 cm, 39 pp, 2 fold. plates.
Another edition 1873.
- Merlin, Jules: Traité pratique de voilure, ou Éxposé de méthodes simples et faciles pour calculer et couper toutes
espèces de voiles, suivi d'un dictionnaire de marine à
voiles, par M. Jules Merlin.
A. Bertrand, Paris, (1863). 8vo, 312 pp, ? plates.
Facsimile: Omega, Nice, 1995.
Another edition 1870.
- Branson, Ware Jr.: The Art of Sailmaking, Illus. by Rules and
Examples for Cutting and Making Every Variety of Sail …
I.R. Butts, Boston, 1864. 20 cm, fp, 100 pp, ?? plates.
Bookkeeping; and method of keeping ships
accounts, pp 83-100.
First edition 1858 (?).
- Kipping, Robert: Elementary Treatise on Sails and Sailmaking;
With Draughting, and the Centre of Effort of the Sails:
Also weights and sizes of ropes; masting, rigging, and sails
of steam vessels, etc. …
Seventh edition, enlarged. With a steel engraving and several
woodcuts.
Virtue Brothers & Co., London, 1865 (7th). 12mo, 106 (?) pp.
Weale's Rudimentary Series, No. 149.
- Consolin, B.: L'Art de voiler les embarcations suivi d'un
aidemémoire de voilerie. Ouvrage offrant des renseignements
utiles aux jeunes marines, ainsi qu'aux constructeurs et
propriétaires de canots de plaisance ou de servitude.
Gauthier Villars, Paris, 1866. -8vo, 95 pp, ill.,
1 fold. plate
- Kipping, Robert: Elementary Treatise on Sails and Sailmaking.
John Weale, Virtue and Co., London, 1865. -8vo.
First edition 1847.
- General Instructions for the Guidance of the Master
Sailmakers, &c. of Her Majesty's Dockyards.
London, 1867. 4to, 87 pp, 250 (?) copies.
- Griffon, Gustave: Cours théorique et pratique de voilure à
l'usage des maitres et ouvriers de la Marine militaire et
de la Marine marchande.
E. Lacroix, Paris, 1868. 8vo, iv, 188 pp, errata,
8 fold. plates.
- Webb, Capt.: Patent Reefing Topsails. For Reefing the Topsails
of Square Rigged Vessels from the Deck without Going Aloft.
1868. 20×13 cm, 6 pp, 4 ill.
- Andersen, Edvard: Det practiske Seilmageri udarbeidet af
Edvard Andersen. Med fire lithographerede Plancher.
Forfattaren, Christiania, 1870. 4to, viii, 60 pp.
- Butts, Isaac Ridler: The merchant's & shipmaster's manual and
shipbuilder's and sailmaker's assistant. In three books.
I.R. Butts & Co., Boston, 1870. 8vo, (6), 3-68, 156 pp,
(2), 40, viii, 9-100 pp, ill.
Contents:
Book I. Manual of admeasurement. The United States tonnage
laws of 1854, '65.
Book II. The merchant's and mechanic's assistant …
altered and abridged.
Book III. The art of sailmaking … By Ware Branson, jr. … Bookkeeping; and method of keeping ship's
accounts.
- Merlin, Jules: Traité pratique de voilure ou Exposé de
méthods simples et faciles pour calculer et couper toutes
espèces de voiles, suivi d'un dictionnaire de marine a voile.
Arthus Bertrand, Paris, (c1870). 8vo, 17,5×10,
(4), 226 pp, 96 ill., 7 fold. plates.
&tmm records: 22,5 cm, 308 pp, 7 fold. plates.
- Voorscrift tot het snijden en bewerken van zeilen en tenten
voor Sr. Ms. schepen en vaartuigen van oorlog. Vastgesteld
bij beschikking van den Minister van Marine, van den 5den
Junij 1873, No. 47.
's Gravenhage, 1873. 8vo, 16x10,5 cm, 45 pp, 3 fold. plates.
Another edition 1864.
- Benoit, Champy & Milon: Navigation de plaisance; les Yachts
à voiles de course pour la mer et la riviè.re. Recuil
de plans de coque et de voilure.
A. Bertrand, Paris, (c1875). 2 vols, 4to, text, 4 wood cut
plates & atlas of 8 plates.
- Kipping, Robert: Sails and sailmaking, with draughting, and
the centre of effort of the sails; also, weights and sizes
of ropes; masting, rigging, and sails of steam vessels, etc.
Illustrated with numerous woodcuts.
Lockwood, London, 1875 (10th enl.). 8vo, 15×8 cm, viii, 196 pp, ill.
First edition 1847 with the title The Elements of Sailmaking.
- Dyce, W.C.: The Sail-Maker's Common Place Book; or, The
Practical Construction of Jibs for Yachts, Steam, Sailing,
and All Classes of Vessels ….
C. Wilson, London, (1876). 18 cm, iv, 69 pp, ? plates;
- Kipping, Robert: Sails and Sailmaking. With draughting, and
the centre of effort of the sails. Also, weights and sizes of
ropes; masting, rigging, and sails of steam vessels, etc.
Illustrated with numerous woodcuts.
Crosby Lockwood , and Co., London, 1880 (11th). -8vo,
15×8,5 cm, viii, 196 pp, ill., 16, 30 pp adv.
The first edition to include details of the newly invented
self-reefing & furling sails, by Colling & Pinkney
[McLaren].
First edition 1847.
- Kipping, Robert: Seil og Seilarbeide samt Tilskjaerning,
Ligning m.m og Brokning tilligemed mange Traesnit med
Forklaringer. "Centrum Gravitatis" i Laengde og Høide med
Beregning over samme. Vaegt og Størrelse af Ligtaug till alle
Slags Skibe. Riggen, Seil og Mastning af Dampfartøier o.s.v.
Med enkelte Forandringer, oversat fra engelsk af N.A. Larsen.
O.C.D. Gjeruldsen, Skien, 1883. 8vo, 196 pp.
First English edition 1847 with the title The Elements
of Sailmaking.
- Kipping, Robert: Sails and sailmaking.
1885. 8vo.
First edition 1847.
- Kipping, Robert: Sails and sailmaking, with draughting, and
the centre of effort of the sails. Also, weights and sizes of
Ropes, Masting, Rigging, and Sails of Steam Vessels, &c.
Illustrated with numerous woodcuts.
Crosby Lockwood, London, 1887 (12th). 12mo, 19 cm,
viii, 196 pp, ill.
Weale's Rudimentary Series No. 149.
First edition 1847.
- Sadler, Samuel B.: The Art and Science of Sailmaking.
Crosby Lockwood and Son, London, 1892. 8vo, 17x11,5 cm,
x, 138 pp, 22 plates.
Other editions 1906 and 1909.
The author worked as sailmaker at Ratsey and Lapthorne, the
yacht sailmaking firm of Cowes and Gosport.
- Staalman, G.: Handleiding tot het verkrijgen van maten en
modellen van zeilen en het bewerken daarvan voor zeevarenden
en de zeilmaker.
Helder, 1892. 2 vols, 8vo, 16.5×9,5 cm,
110, xiv pp, 2 plates & oblong 4to, 34 plates.
Facsimile: A.J. Hilgersom/Navigare, Amsterdam, 1979.
With an introduction by M.J.C. Lucardie.
- Staalman, G.: Leerboek voor den zeilmaker om door eigen
oefening het berekenen der zeilen te lernen.
Helder, 1892. 8vo, 16.5×9,5 cm, 80 pp, 5 plates.
Facsimile: A.J. Hilgersom/Navigare, Amsterdam, 1979.
With an introduction by M.J.C. Lucardie.
- Kipping, Robert: Sails and sailmaking, with draughting, and
the centre of effort of the sails; also, weights and sizes
of ropes; masting, rigging, and sails of steam vessels, etc.
Crosby Lockwood and Son, London, 1893 (13th). 8vo, 17 cm, 196 pp.
Weale's Rudimentary Science and Educational Series.
- Règlement d'armement. Article du maitre voilier.
np, 1896. 4to, 23 pp.
- Kipping, Robert: Sails and sailmaking, with draughting, and
the centre of effort of the sails; also, weights and sizes
of ropes; masting, rigging, and sails of steam vessels, etc.
Crosby Lockwood and Son, London, 1898 (14th). 12mo, viii,
196 pp, ill.
First edition 1847.
Weale's Rudimentary Science and Educational Series.
- Gonfalon: Sails and Sail-Making for Small Boats and Ships.
London, 1904. pp. 29, 76-77.
Works vol. 27.
- Hasluck, Paul Noncree ed.: Knotting and splicing ropes and
cordage. With numerous engravings and diagrams.
Cassell & Co, London, NY, …, 1904. 17,5 cm, 160 pp, 208 ill.
Other editions 1905, 1907, 1912, 1914, and 1918.
- Kipping, Robert: Sails and sailmaking with draughting, and
The centre of effort of the sails; also, weights and sizes
of ropes; masting, rigging, and sails of steam vessels, etc.
Illustrated with numerous woodcuts.
Crosby Lockwood and Son, London, 1904 (15th). 12mo, 15×8,5 cm,
viii, 196 pp, 71 ill., 72 pp adv.
Weale's Rudimentary Science and Educational Series.
First edition 1847.
- Posthumus, J.: Eerste beginselen der theoretische
zeevaartkunde, voor het onderwijs aan visschersscholen, aan
zeevaartscholen en voor de opleiding van stuurlieden voor de
kleine vaart. Met 24 figuren en 6 kaartjes.
P. Noordhoff, Groningen, 1904. +8vo, ?? pp, ill., 6 plates.
- Hasluck, Paul Noncree ed.: Knotting and splicing ropes and
cordage …
Ed. by Paul N. Hasluck.
D. McKay, Philadelphia, 1905. 17,5 cm, 160 pp, ill.
First (?) edition 1904.
- Wilson, Adrian: The Design and Making of Sails.
Marine Engineering vol. 10, New York, 1905. pp 103-110.
- Sadler, Samuel B.: The Art and Science of Sailmaking.
By Samuel B. Sadler, …
Second edition, with an additional chapter.
Crosby Lockwood and Son, London, 1906. 8vo, ix, (1), 141 pp,
23 figures on 22 plates, (3) pp adv.
First edition 1892.
An excellent descriptive treatise on
principles and methods to guide the sailmaker. This edition
with a new chapter on "Horizontal sails" [pp 135-138].
- Sadler, Samuel B.: The Art Science of Sailmaking. …
Second edition, with an additional chapter.
Crosby, Lockwood & Son, London, 1909. 8vo, ix, 141 pp.
First edition 1892.
- Hasluck, Paul Noncree ed.: Knotting and splicing ropes and
cordage.
D. McKay, Philadelphia, 1912. 17,5 cm, 160 pp, ill.
Handicraft series.
First (?) edition 1904.
- Hasluck, Paul Noncree ed.: Knotting and splicing ropes and
cordage.
D. McKay, Philadelphia, 1914. 17,5 cm, 160 pp, ill.
Handicraft series.
First (?) edition 1904.
- Hasluck, Paul Noncree ed.: Knotting and splicing ropes and
cordage …
Ed. by Paul N. Hasluck;
D. McKay, Philadelphia, 1918. 17,5 cm, 160 pp, ill.
First (?) edition 1904.
- Kipping, Robert: Sails and Sailmaking with Draughting, and the
Centre of Effort of the Sails. Also, Weights and Sizes of Ropes;
Masting, Rigging, and Sails of Steam Vessels, etc.
Crosby Lockwood and Son, London, [1919 (18th)]. 12mo, viii,
196 pp, ill.
First edition 1847.
Updated 1996-02-01 by
Lars Bruzelius
The Maritime History Virtual Archives.
Copyright © 1996 Lars Bruzelius.